DOI: -

Keywords: Nickel, Multimodal Transportation, Cost Efficiency, Nickel Production, PTV Visum, Nikel, Transportasi Multimoda, Efisiensi Biaya, Produksi Nikel

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is the world's largest nickel producer, with reserves of 72 million tons Ni or 52% of the world's total. Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and North Maluku are key regions for nickel transportation analysis. This study examines the efficiency of multimodal transportation to support nickel production and distribution in these zones. Using a quantitative descriptive and correlational approach with secondary data from the Geological Agency and the Central Statistics Agency, the study finds a strong correlation between nickel production volume, land area, and population. Operational vehicle costs for trailer trucks and ships are Rp545.45 per ton-kilometer and Rp822.64 per nautical mile, respectively. VISUM modeling identified optimal routes, showing North Maluku with the largest nickel movement and South Sulawesi with the smallest. Combining land and sea transportation modes can enhance cost efficiency in nickel distribution, supporting sustainable logistics planning for Indonesia's future.